Hertz (unit of frequency) notes

Hertz (unit of frequency) notes

Part 1 Basic info:
The hertz is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI)
and is defined as one cycle per second.

Part 2 Information:
Light is electromagnetic radiation and has frequencies in the range of tens (infrared) of terahertzand thousands (ultraviolet) of terahertz.

Radio frequency radiation is usually measured in kilohertz (kHz), megahertz (MHz), or gigahertz (GHz).

The average adult human can hear sounds between 20 Hz and 16,000 Hz.

In computers, most central processing units (CPU) are labeled in terms of their clock rate expressed in megahertz or gigahertz.

gamma rays, can be measured in exahertz.


Part 3:
SI multiples for hertz (Hz):
-decahertz
-hectohertz
-Kilohertz
-Megahertz
-gigahertz
-terahertz
-petahertz
-exahertz
-zettahertz
-yottahertz

Submultiples:
decihertz
one cycle in 10 seconds
-decihertz
-centihertz
-millihertz
-microhertz
-nanohertz
-picohertz
-femtohertz
-attohertz
-zeptohertz
-yoctohertz



Part 4:
Hz   = hertz
kHz  = Kilohertz
MHz  = Megahertz
GHz  = gigahertz
THz  = terahertz
PHz  = petahertz
EHz  = exahertz
ZHz  = zettahertz
YHz  = yottahertz


Part 5:
1     Hz = 0.001 kHz
10    Hz = 0.01  kHz
100   Hz = 0.1   kHz
1000  Hz = 1     kHz
2     Hz = 0.002 kHz
2000  Hz = 2     kHz
25    Hz = 0.025 kHz
2500  Hz = 2.5   kHz
25000 Hz = 25    kHz

1     kHz = 0.001 MHz
1000  kHz = 1     MHz

1     MHz = 0.001 GHz
1000  MHz = 1     GHz

1     GHz = 0.001 THz
1000  GHz = 1     THz

1     THz = 0.001 PHz
1000  THz = 1     PHz

1     PHz = 0.001 EHz
1000  PHz = 1     EHz

1     EHz  = 0.001 ZHz
1000  EHz  = 1     ZHz

1     ZHz  = 0.001 YHz
1000  ZHz  = 1     YHz


part 5 extra:
DaHz = decahertz
hHz  = hectohertz

1  Hz = 0.1 DaHz
10 Hz = 1   DaHz

1  DaHz = 0.1 hHz
10 DaHz = 1   hHz

1  hHz = 0.1 kHz
10 hHz = 1   kHz



Part 6:
yHz  = yoctohertz
zHz  = zeptohertz
aHz  = attohertz
fHz  = femtohertz
pHz  = picohertz
nHz  = nanohertz
µHZ  = microhertz
mHz  = millihertz
cHZ  = centihertz
dHz  = decihertz


Part 7:
1    yHz = 0.001 zHz
1000 yHz = 1     zHz

1    zHz = 0.001 aHz
1000 zHz = 1     aHz

1    aHz = 0.001 fHz
1000 aHz = 1     fHz

1    fHz = 0.001 pHz
1000 fHz = 1     pHz

1    pHz = 0.001 nHz
1000 pHz = 1     nHz

1    nHz = 0.001 µHz
1000 nHz = 1     µHz

1    µHz = 0.001 mHz
1000 µHz = 1     mHz

1  mHz = 0.1 cHz
10 mHz = 1   cHz

1  cHz = 0.1 dHz
10 cHz = 1   dHz

1  dHz = 0.1 Hz
10 dHz = 1   Hz


Part 8:
Value    
10 to the 1st power  Hz = decahertz
10 to the 2nd power  Hz = hectohertz
10 to the 3rd power  Hz = kilohertz
10 to the 6th power  Hz = megahertz
10 to the 9th power  Hz = gigahertz
10 to the 12th power Hz = terahertz
10 to the 15th power Hz = petahertz
10 to the 18th power Hz = exahertz
10 to the 21th power Hz = zettahertz
10 to the 24th power Hz = yottahertz


Part 9:
8 Hz  is 8 cycles per second

8 kHz is 8000 cycles per second

8 GHz is 8 000 000 000 cycles per second

8 YHz is 8 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 cycles per second

Simple way of calculating 10 powers:
10 to the 3rd power is a 1 with 3 zero's behind it
10 to the 5th power is a 1 with 5 zero's behind it
10 to the 10th power is a 1 with 10 zero's behind it

For calculating cycles per second:
for example 8 EHz is 8 x 10 to the 18th power
which is 8 000 000 000 000 000 000 cycles per second

Part 10:
1 Hz is 1 cycle per second
1 Hz is 60 cycles per minute
1 Hz is 3600 cycles per hour
1 Hz is 86400 cycles per day

1 MHz is 1 000 000 cycles per second
1 MHz is 60 000 000 cycles per minute
1 MHz is 3 600 000 000 cycles per hour
1 MHz is 86 400 000 000 cycles per day

2 MHz is 2 000 000 cycles per second
-1 000 000 x2

2 MHz is 120 000 000 cycles per minute
-60 000 000 x2

2 MHz is 7 200 000 000 cycles per hour
-3 600 000 000 x2

2 MHz is 172 800 000 000 cycles per day
-86 400 000 000

4 MHz is 240 000 000 cycles per minute
-60 000 000 x4

1 THz is 1 000 000 000 000 cycles per second
1 THz is 60 000 000 000 000 cycles per minute
1 THz is 3 600 000 000 000 000 cycles per hour
1 THz is 86 400 000 000 000 000 cycles per day

Part 10 extra:
1 mHz(millihertz) makes 86.4 cycles per day
1 GHz(Gigahertz)  makes 86 400 000 000 000 cycles per day
1 EHz(Exahertz)   makes 86 400 000 000 000 000 000 000 cycles per day

List of the elements extra

List of the elements extra
 List of chemical elements extra

Made by Jeffrey Koelewijn

There are 118 identified chemical elements

A chemical element is a pure chemical substance consisting of a single type of atom distinguished by its atomic number, which is the number of protons in its atomic nucleus.

Elements are commonly divided into metals, metalloids, and nonmetals.


Elements can be more specifically divided into:
Other non metals
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Noble gases
Metalloids
Halogens
Transition metals
Post-transition metals
lanthanoids
actinoids

A list with more specifically divided elements:
Listing information;
An example with Hydrogen
The elements name               : Hydrogen
The elements symbol            : H
The elements atomic number: 1


7 Other non metals:

Element name   Symbol   Atomic number
Hydrogen          H             1
Carbon              C             6
Nitrogen           N             7
Oxygen            O              8
Phosphorus       P             15
Sulfur               S              16
Selenium          Se            34


6 Alkali metals:

Lithium        Li      3
Sodium         Na    11
Potassium     K      19
Rubidium      Rb    37
Caesium        Cs     55
Francium       Fr      87


6 Alkaline earth metals:

Beryllium       Be    4
Magnesium     Mg  12
Calcium          Ca    20
Strontium        Sr    38
Barium            Ba    56
Radium           Ra     88


7 Noble gases:

Helium            He     2
Neon               Ne     10
Argon              Ar      18
Krypton           Kr      36
Xenon             Xe      54
Radon              Rn     86
Ununoctium     Uuo  118


7 Metalloids:

Boron              B     5
Silicon             Si    14
Germanium     Ge   32
Arsenic            As   33
Antimony        Sb     51
Tellurium        Te     52
Polonium         Po     84


6 Halogens:

Fluorine           F        9
Chlorine          Cl      17
Bromine           Br      35
Iodine               L       53
Astatine            At      85
Ununseptium    Uus   117


38 Transition metals:

Scandium         Sc    21
Titanium           Ti    22
Vanadium         V     23
Chromium        Cr    24
Manganese       Mn   25
Iron                   Fe    26
Cobalt               Co    27
Nickel               Ni     28
Copper              Cu    29
Zinc                   Zn    30
Yttrium              Y     39
Zirconium          Zr    40
Niobium             Nb   41
Molybdenum     Mo   42
Technetium        Tc     43
Ruthenium          Ru   44
Rhodium             Rh   45
Palladium            Pd   46
Silver                  Ag   47
Cadmium            Cd   48
Hafnium              Hf   72
Tantalum              Ta   73
Tungsten              W    74
Rhenium              Re   75
Osmium               Os   76
Iridium                 Ir    77
Platinum              Pt    78
Gold                    Au   79
Mercury               Hg   80
Rutherfordium     Rf    104
Dubnium              Db   105
Seaborgium          Sg   106
Bohrium               Bh   107
Hassium               Hs   108
Meitnerium          Mt   109
Darmstadium        Ds   110
Roentgenium        Rg   111
Copernicium         Cn   112


11 Post-transition metals:

Aluminium      Al       13
Gallium            Ga      31
Indium              In       49
Tin                    Sn       50
Thallium           Tl        81
Lead                  Pb       82
Bismuth             Bi       83
Ununtrium         Uut    113
Flerovium          Fl       114
Ununpentium     Uup   115
Livermorium      Lv      116


15 lanthanoids:

Lanthanum         La    57
Cerium               Ce    58
Praseodymium    Pr     59
Neodymium        Nd    60
Promethium        Pm   61
Samarium           Sm   62
Europium           Eu     63
Gadolinium        Gd    64
Terbium             Tb     65
Dysprosium       Dy     66
Holmium           Ho     67
Erbium               Er     68
Thulium             Tm    69
Ytterbium          Yb     70
Lutetium            Lu     71


15 actinoids:

Actinium         Ac     89
Thorium          Th      90
Protactinium    Pa      91
Uranium           U       92
Neptunium       Np     93
Plutonium         Pu     94
Americium       Am   95
Curium             Cm    96
Berkelium         Bk    97
Californium      Cf     98
Einsteinium      Es     99
Fermium           Fm   100
Mendelevium    Md   101
Nobelium          No    102
Lawrencium      Lr     103



Other lists:

Natural elements:
98 identified naturally occurring elements

List of the identified natural elements:

Hydrogen          H      1
Helium              He    2
Lithium             Li     3
Beryllium          Be    4
Boron                B       5
Carbon              C       6
Nitrogen            N      7
Oxygen              O      8
Fluorine             F       9
Neon                  Ne    10
Sodium              Na     11
Magnesium        Mg    12
Aluminum         Al     13
Silicon                Si     14
Phosphorous       P      15
Sulfur                 S      16
Chlorine             Cl     17
Argon                Ar     18
Potassium          K      19
Calcium             Ca     20
Scandium           Sc     21
Titanium            Ti      22
Vanadium          V       23
Chromium         Cr     24
Manganese        Mn    25
Iron                   Fe      26
Cobalt               Ni      27
Nickel               Cu     28
Copper              Co     29
Zinc                   Zn     30
Gallium             Ga     31
Germanium       Ge     32
Arsenic              Ar     33
Selenium            Se     34
Bromine             Br     35
Krypton             Kr     36
Rubidium           Rb    37
Strontium          Sr      38
Yttrium              Y      39
Zirconium          Zr     40
Niobium            Nb     41
Molybdenum     Mo    42
Technetium        Tc     43
Ruthenium         Ru     44
Rhodium            Rh     45
Palladium           Pd     46
Silver                 Ag     47
Cadmium           Cd     48
Indium               In      49
Tin                     Sn     50
Antimony          Sb      51
Tellurium           Te      52
Iodine                 I        53
Xenon                Xe      54
Cesium              Cs      55
Barium               Ba     56
Lanthanum         La     57
Cerium               Ce     58
Praseodymium   Pr      59
Neodymium       Nd     60
Promethium       Pm     61
Samarium          Sm     62
Europium           Eu     63
Gadolinium        Gd     64
Terbium              Tb     65
Dysprosium        Dy    66
Holmium            Ho     67
Erbium               Er      68
Thulium             Tm     69
Ytterbium          Yb     70
Lutetium             Lu     71
Hafnium              Hf    72
Tantalum             Ta     73
Tungsten             W     74
Rhenium             Re     75
Osmium              Os    76
Iridium                Ir      77
Platinum             Pt      78
Gold                   Au     79
Mercury             Hg     80
Thallium             Tl     81
Lead                    Pb    82
Bismuth              Bi     83
Polonium            Po     84
Astatine              At     85
Radon                 Rn    86
Francium            Fr     87
Radium               Ra    88
Actinium            Ac     89
Thorium             Th     90
Protactinium       Pa     91
Uranium             U       92
Neptunium          Np    93
Plutonium           Pu     94
Americium         Am    95
Curium               Cm    96
Berkelium          Bk      97
Californium        Cf      98

Ten of these occur in extreme trace quantities:

technetium           atomic number 43
promethium         atomic number 61
astatine                atomic number 85
francium              atomic number 87
neptunium           atomic number 93
plutonium            atomic number 94
americium            atomic number 95
curium                  atomic number 96
berkelium             atomic number 97
and californium    atomic number 98


Stable elements:
80 identified Stable elements
Stable elements are lements which contain at least one stable
isotope
List of stable elements:

Hydrogen           H       1
Helium               He     2
Lithium               Li     3
Beryllium           Be     4
Boron                 B       5
Carbon                C       6
Nitrogen             N       7
Oxygen              O        8
Fluorine              F       9
Neon                  Ne      10
Sodium              Na      11
Magnesium        Mg     12
Aluminum         Al       13
Silicon                Si       14
Phosphorous      P        15
Sulfur                 S        16
Chlorine             Cl      17
Argon                Ar       18
Potassium          K        19
Calcium             Ca       20
Scandium           Sc       21
Titanium            Ti       22
Vanadium           V       23
Chromium          Cr      24
Manganese         Mn     25
Iron                     Fe      26
Cobalt                 Ni     27
Nickel                 Cu     28
Copper                Co     29
Zinc                    Zn      30
Gallium              Ga      31
Germanium        Ge      32
Arsenic              Ar       33
Selenium             Se      34
Bromine             Br       35
Krypton              Kr      36
Rubidium           Rb      37
Strontium           Sr       38
Yttrium               Y       39
Zirconium          Zr       40
Niobium             Nb      41
Molybdenum      Mo     42
Ruthenium          Ru      44
Rhodium             Rh     45
Palladium            Pd     46
Silver                  Ag      47
Cadmium            Cd     48
Indium                 In      49
Tin                       Sn      50
Antimony            Sb      51
Tellurium             Te      52
Iodine                   I        53
Xenon                 Xe      54
Cesium               Cs      55
Barium                Ba     56
Lanthanum          La      57
Cerium                Ce     58
Praseodymium    Pr      59
Neodymium        Nd     60
Samarium           Sm     62
Europium           Eu      63
Gadolinium        Gd      64
Terbium             Tb       65
Dysprosium        Dy      66
Holmium            Ho      67
Erbium               Er       68
Thulium             Tm      69
Ytterbium          Yb      70
Lutetium            Lu       71
Hafnium             Hf       72
Tantalum            Ta       73
Tungsten            W        74
Rhenium            Re       75
Osmium             Os       76
Iridium               Ir        77
Platinum             Pt       78
Gold                   Au      79
Mercury             Hg       80
Thallium            Tl        81
Lead                   Pb       82



Radioactive elements:
37 identified Radioactive Elements
  38 When bismuth is counted
 These elements are radioactive
 They either have no stable naturally occurring isotope,
 or else are entirely artificial (all artificial elements have no stable isotopes)

List of radioactive elements:

Technetium         Tc    43
Promethium        Pm   61
Polonium            Po     84
Astatine              At     85
Radon                 Rn     86
Francium            Fr      87
Radium               Ra     88
Actinium             Ac    89
Thorium              Th    90
Protactinium        Pa    91
Uranium              U      92
Neptunium          Np    93
Plutonium            Pu    94
Americium          Am   95
Curium                Cm   96
Berkelium            Bk    97
Californium         Cf     98
Einsteinium          Es    99
Fermium              Fm   100
Mendelevium       Md   101
Nobelium             No    102
Lawrencium         Lr     103
Rutherfordium      Rf    104
Dubnium              Db    105
Seaborgium          Sg     106
Bohrium               Bh     107
Hassium               Hs     108
Meitnerium          Mt     109
Darmstadtium       Ds     110
Roentgenium        Rg     111
Copernicium         Cn     112
Ununtrium            Uut    113
Ununquadium       Uuq   114
Ununpentium        Uup   115
Ununhexium         Uuh   116
Ununseptium        Uus    117
Ununoctium          Uuo   118


By radioactivity
1 Very slightly radioactive element

Bismuth            Bi     83


6 weak and slightly radioactive elements

Technetium       Tc    43
Thorium            Th    90
Uranium            U      92
Neptunium        Np    93
Plutonium         Pu     94
Curium             Cm    96


5 Between weak and moderately radioactive elements

Radium            Ra      88
Protactinium    Pa       91
Americium       Am     95
Berkelium        Bk      97
Californium      Cf      98


8 Moderately radioactive elements

Promethium      Pm     61
Polonium           Po     84
Radon                Rn     86
Actinium           Ac      89
Einsteinium       Es       99
Fermium            Fm     100
Mendelevium    Md     101
Dubnium            Db     105


8 Highly radioactive elements

Astatine              At     85
Francium            Fr      87
Nobelium           No     102
Lawrencium       Lr      103
Rutherfordium    Rf     104
Seaborgium        Sg      106
Bohrium              Bh     107
Hassium              Hs     108


10 Extremely radioactive elements

Meitnerium        Mt      109
Darmstadtium    Ds      110
Roentgenium      Rg     111
Copernicium      Cp      112
Ununtrium          Uut    113
Ununquadium    Uuq    114
Ununpentium     Uup    115
Ununhexium      Uuh    116
Ununseptium      Uus    117
Ununoctium       Uuo    118

List of the elements

List of the elements
 List of chemical elements

Made by Jeffrey Koelewijn

Information:
An example with Hydrogen
The elements name               : Hydrogen
The elements symbol            : H
The elements atomic number: 1


List of the elements by atomic number:

Element name    Symbol  Atomic number
Hydrogen           H           1         
Helium               He         2
Lithium              Li          3
Beryllium           Be         4
Boron                 B           5
Carbon               C           6
Nitrogen             N           7
Oxygen              O           8
Fluorine              F           9
Neon                  Ne         10
Sodium              Na         11
Magnesium        Mg        12
Aluminium         Al         13
Silicon                Si          14
Phosphorus         P           15
Sulfur                  S          16
Chlorine              Cl         17
Argon                 Ar         18
Potassium           K          19
Calcium              Ca         20
Scandium           Sc          21
Titanium            Ti           22
Vanadium           V           23
Chromium          Cr         24
Manganese         Mn        25
Iron                     Fe         26
Cobalt                Co         27
Nickel                 Ni         28
Copper               Cu         29
Zinc                    Zn         30
Gallium              Ga         31
Germanium        Ge         32
Arsenic               As         33
Selenium            Se          34
Bromine              Br         35
Krypton               Kr        36
Rubidium            Rb        37
Strontium            Sr          38
Yttrium               Y          39
Zirconium          Zr          40
Niobium             Nb         41
Molybdenum      Mo        42
Technetium         Tc         43
Ruthenium          Ru         44
Rhodium             Rh         45
Palladium            Pd         46
Silver                  Ag         47
Cadmium             Cd        48
Indium                 In          49
Tin                       Sn         50
Antimony            Sb         51
Tellurium             Te         52
Iodine                   I           53
Xenon                  Xe        54
Caesium               Cs        55
Barium                 Ba        56
Lanthanum           La        57
Cerium                 Ce        58
Praseodymium      Pr        59
Neodymium         Nd        60
Promethium         Pm        61
Samarium           Sm         62
Europium            Eu         63
Gadolinium         Gd         64
Terbium               Tb         65
Dysprosium         Dy        66
Holmium             Ho         67
Erbium                Er          68
Thulium              Tm        69
Ytterbium           Yb         70
Lutetium             Lu         71
Hafnium             Hf          72
Tantalum            Ta          73
Tungsten            W           74
Rhenium             Re         75
Osmium              Os         76
Iridium                Ir          77
Platinum             Pt          78
Gold                   Au         79
Mercury              Hg         80
Thallium             Tl          81
Lead                    Pb         82
Bismuth              Bi          83
Polonium            Po          84
Astatine              At          85
Radon                 Rn         86
Francium            Fr          87
Radium               Ra         88
Actinium            Ac         89
Thorium             Th         90
Protactinium       Pa         91
Uranium              U          92
Neptunium          Np        93
Plutonium           Pu         94
Americium         Am        95
Curium                Cm       96
Berkelium           Bk         97
Californium         Cf         98
Einsteinium         Es         99
Fermium              Fm       100
Mendelevium      Md       101
Nobelium            No        102
Lawrencium        Lr         103
Rutherfordium    Rf         104
Dubnium             Db        105
Seaborgium         Sg        106
Bohrium              Bh        107
Hassium              Hs        108
Meitnerium         Mt        109
Darmstadtium     Ds        110
Roentgenium       Rg       111
Copernicium       Cp        112
Ununtrium           Uut      113
Ununquadium     Uuq      114
Ununpentium      Uup      115
Ununhexium       Uuh      116
Ununseptium       Uus      117
Ununoctium        Uuo      118

Chameleon notes

Chameleons
 Or chamaeleons

family Chamaeleonidae

A distinctive and highly specialized clade of lizards

They are found in warm habitats that range from rain forest to desert conditions

There are approximately 180 species of chameleon
They come in a range of colours, and many species have the ability to change colours

They have crests or horns on their distinctively shaped heads

Size:
Chameleons vary greatly in size and body structure
A big chameleon species    : The male Furcifer oustaleti 68.5 cm in length
A small chameleon species : Male Brookesia micra 15 mm in length
                                                 One of the world's smallest reptiles

Sexual dimorphism:
In most species male chameleons are larger then female chameleons

Some chameleon species are able to vary their skin colouration and pattern
 Colour change in chameleons have function in camouflage, social signaling and
 reactions to temperature and other conditions
  Some will use colour change as an aid to thermoregulation,
  becoming black to absorb heat and lighter grey to reflect light
Camouflage can help them survive against predators

Chameleons Mechanism of color change:
They have specialized cells, chromatophores, which contain pigments in their cytoplasm,
in three layers below their transparent outer skin

Chameleons are adapted for climbing and visual hunting

Chameleons have the most distinctive eyes of any reptile
Each eye can pivot and focus independently, allowing the chameleon to observe two different objects simultaneously
This gives them a full 360-degree arc of vision around their bodies
Prey is located using monocular depth perception, not stereopsis

All chameleons are primarily insectivores
 Some species might also eat leaves, fruits, very small reptiles or very small amphibians

They have rapidly extrudable tongues consisting of highly modified hyoid bones, tongue muscles, and collagenous elements
 They capture insects by ballistically projecting their long tongues from their mouths
 to capture prey located some distance away

Chameleons can see in both visible and ultraviolet light

Most species, the larger ones in particular, also have a prehensile tail
 A tail that has adepted for grasping or holding


Chameleons are mostly oviparous, with some being ovoviviparous


Lifespan:
Male chameleons tend to live longer than females
Chameleons will generally live 2 to 3 years in the wild
and they will generally live 3 to 10 years in captivity
Size also plays a role in lifespan

Laser information and colour wavelength notes

Laser information and colour wavelength notes

Basic information about lasers:
A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based
on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.

Lasers can also have high temporal coherence which allows them to have a very narrow spectrum,
that is, they only emit a single color of light.

Laser pointers normally have wavelengths in between 400 and 700 nm.
 The visable spectrum

Laser beams can be seen from a far distance.
Laser dots on objects or structures can be seen from a far distance.

Laser uses:
Laser pointer
Lasers can be mounted on firearms
Optical disk drives
Laser printers
Barcode scanners
Fiber optic and free-space optical communication
Laser alarm
 For example when the laser beam is touched
 the alarm goes off.
Cutting
Welding
Medicine
Thermometers
Measuring range and speed
Laser lighting displays

Types of lasers and operating principles:
Gas lasers
Chemical lasers
Excimer lasers
Solid-state lasers
Fiber lasers
Photonic crystal lasers
Semiconductor lasers
Dye lasers
Free-electron lasers

Lasers and power examples:
1-5  mW  : Laser pointer
5-40 mW  : Lasers
45 mW -  : Lasers and Hobby burning lasers
300 mW      Some burning lasers are made out of laser pointers
            that are made stronger.
            Some burning lasers are made from a laser diode
            gotten out of a DVD-RW drive.
            You might need more then 45 mW to pop a baloon.
100-3000 W: Industrial laser cutting

In some countries lasers above 5 mW are only legal for, for example companies and industrial purposes or
hospitals and medical purposes.

Laser warnings:
Lasers can be damaging to the eyes.
 Even weak laser pointers can be damaging to the eyes.
 There are laser safety goggles to protect the eyes
 Adviced when working with certain powers and wavelengths.
Hobby burning lasers can also be damaging to the epidermis.


Colour wavelengths:
There can be some difference in data when compared to other information about colours and wavelengths.
 For example you also have the naming bleu-violet and yellow-orange as for example orange comes after
 yellow in the wavelength spectrum when going to higher wavelength numbers and in between those two colours
 it becomes hard to say what wavelength belongs to exactly what colour.

Datas shown here are approximates.

UV
Wavelengths:
 238 nm to 400 nm

Blue-Violet
Wavelengths:
 405 nm to 425 nm

Bleu
wavelenghts:
 435 nm to 490 nm

Cyan
Wavelengths:
 490 nm to 512 nm

Green
Wavelengths:
 520 nm to 565 nm

Yellow
Wavelengths:
 565 nm to 590 nm
 
Yellow-orange
Wavelengths:
 Around 593.5 nm is a bit orange and is mostly called a yellow-orange laser

Orange
Wavelengths:
595 nm to 620 nm

Red
Wavelengths:
 622 nm to 720 nm

Infrared
Wavelengths:
 785 nm to for example 1342 nm


Extra information 1:
Nm = Nanometers
One meter equals 1,000,000,000 nanometers.
One nanometer is about the length of ten atoms in a row.

Extra information 2:
A typical human eye will respond to wavelengths from about 390 to 700 nm.

Extra information 3:
Lasers emitting visable wavelengths below 445 nm appear violet to the human eye, a distinctly different color.

Extra information 4:
308 nm to 364 nm: near ultraviolet
238 nm to 284 nm: far ultraviolet
700 nm to 1350 nm  : near infrared
1540 nm for example: far infrared

Extra information 5:
Frequency = Terahertz (one trillion cycles per second)
Bleu with a wavelength of 450 nm has a frequency of about 670 THz
Red with a wavelength of 627 nm has a frequency of about 478 THz

Squirrel notes

Squirrel

Squirrels are members of the family Sciuridae
 consisting of small or medium size rodents

The family includes:
 Tree squirrels, ground squirrels
 chipmunks, marmots - including woodchucks
 flying squirrels and prairie dogs

Squirrels are generally small animals ranging in size
 From the African pygmy squirrel ranging from 7 to 10 cm in length and 10 grams in weight,
 to the Alpine marmot, which is 53 to 73 cm long and weighs 5 to 8 kg

They have bushy tails

They have very versatile and sturdy claws for grasping and climbing

The color of squirrels is highly variable between and often even within species

Many squirrels have a good sense of touch, with vibrissae on their heads and limbs

They have an excellent sense of vision


Most squirrel species are primarily herbivores and their diet consists primarily of a wide variety of plants, including nuts, seeds, conifer cones, fruits, fungi, and green vegetation
 They might also eat bird eggs, insects, spiders and small invertebrates when for example food is         scares

These squirrels collect and store nuts so they'll have food to last through the winter also called hoarding
 They also store food like nuts and conifer cones for the winter
 by putting it in a shallow hole and covering it up

Smaller tropical species tend to be much more carnivorous
 Feeding upon insects, spiders, and even small vertebrates
Tropical ground squirrels are active all year and do not store food


Squirrels breed once or twice a year and give birth to a varying number of young
after three to six weeks, depending on the species


Adult squirrels can have a lifespan of 5 to 10 years in the wild
 Some can survive 10 to 20 years in captivity

Humans highest recorded sprinting speed notes

 Humans highest recorded sprinting speed notes

Highest recorded speed:
 44.72 km/h (27.79 mph)
 World record 100 m sprint: 9.58 seconds, which is about 10.44 meters/second
                                             (23.35 mph, 37.58 km/h).
                                             His fastest footspeed during that sprint was 12.42 meters/second
                                             (27.79 mph, 44.72 km/h)
                                              during the 60 m to 80 m interval.

List of animal speeds notes includes running swimming and flight

The species highest recorded speed is noted.

Peregrine falcon                389 km/h (242 mph)
red-tailed hawk                  195 km/h (121 mph)
White-throated needletail  169 km/h (105 mph)
Eurasian hobby                  160 km/h (100 mph)
Frigatebird                         153 km/h (95 mph)
Homing pigeon                  140 km/h (87 mph)

Black marlin     130 km/h    (80 mph)

Cheetah    112–120 km/h (70–75 mph)
Sailfish     109     km/h (67.50 mph)

Anna's hummingbird  98 km/h (61 mph)

Swordfish     97 km/h      (60 mph)
Pronghorn     88.50 km/h   (55 mph)
Springbok     88 km/h      (55 mph)
Wildebeest    80.50 km/h   (50 mph)
Blackbuck     80.50 km/h   (50 mph)
Lion              80.50 km/h   (50 mph)
Black Tuna   80.50 km/h   (50 mph)

Quarter horse     76.50 kp/h (47.50 mph)

Greyhound             74 km/h (46 mph)
Jackrabbit               72 km/h (45 mph)
Cape hunting dog   72 km/h (45 mph)

Elk      72 km/h        (45 mph)
Kangaroo 71 km/h   (44 mph)

Horse   70.50 km/h   (44 mph)
Onager  70 km/h       (43 mph)
Coyote  70 km/h        (43 mph)
Ostrich 70 km/h        (43 mph)

Thomson's gazelle     70 km/h    (43 mph)
Gray fox                    67.50 km/h (42 mph)
Common dolphin       65 km/h    (40 mph)

Tiger    64 km/h (40 mph)
Zebra    64 km/h (40 mph)

Small Tuna   60 km/h (37 mph)
Bonito           60 km/h (37 mph)

pigeon                   59 km/h (36.50 mph)
Whippet                 56 km/h (35 mph)
Mule deer               56 km/h (35 mph)
Rabbit (domestic)  56 km/h (35 mph)
Jackal                     56 km/h (35 mph)

Giraffe                51.50 km/h (32 mph)
Reindeer              51.50 km/h (32 mph)
Grizzly bear        48 km/h    (30 mph)
Cat (domestic)     48 km/h    (30 mph)
Wart hog              48 km/h    (30 mph)

White-tailed deer  48 km/h (30 mph)
Salmon                  45 km/h (28 mph)

Bearded dragon   40 km/h (25 mph)
Elephant              40 km/h (25 mph)

Leatherback sea turtle   35.50 km/h (22 mph)
Six-lined racerunner     32 km/h   (20 mph)
Roadrunner                   32 km/h   (20 mph)

Black mamba         23 km/h    (14 mph)
Komodo dragon     20 km/h    (12 mph)
Squirrel                  19 km/h    (12 mph)
Pig (domestic)        17.50 km/h (11 mph)
House mouse          13 km/h    (8  mph)
Mackerel               11 km/h    (7  mph)
Cod                         8 km/h     (5  mph)
Tiger beetle           7 km/h     (4  mph)
Carp                       6 km/h     (3.5 mph)
Pike                       6 km/h     (3.5 mph)
Herring                 6 km/h     (3.5 mph)


 Extra 1 the fastest land animal:
The Cheetah can accelerate from 0 to 96.6 km/h (60.0 mph) in under three seconds.


Extra 2 The homing pigeons:
Homing pigeons average flying speed over moderate distances is around 80 km/h (50 mph)
but speeds of up to 140 km/h (87 mph) have been observed in top racers for short distances.
The homing pigeon is a variety of domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica) derived from the rock pigeon.

List of other animal speed notes

The species highest recorded speed is noted

Mammal swimming speeds:
Common dolphin     65   km/h (40 mph)

bird running speeds:
Ostrich     70 km/h (43 mph)

Invertebrates running speeds:
Tiger beetle  6.8 km/h (4.2  mph)

fish species swimming speeds notes

Fish
The species highest recorded speed is noted.

Black marlin     130 km/h    (80 mph)
Sailfish             109 km/h    (67.50 mph)
Swordfish          97 km/h     (60 mph)

Black Tuna  80 km/h (50 mph)
Small Tuna  60 km/h (37 mph)
Bonito         60 km/h (37 mph)
Salmon        45 km/h (28 mph)

Mackerel  11 km/h (7 mph)
Cod           8 km/h  (5 mph)
Carp          6 km/h  (3.5 mph)
Pike           6 km/h  (3.5 mph)
Herring      6 km/h  (3.5 mph)

Bird species flight speeds notes

Birds
The species highest recorded speed is noted.
   
Peregrine falcon                389 km/h (242 mph)
red-tailed hawk                 195 km/h (121 mph)
White-throated needletail 169 km/h (105 mph)
Homing pigeon                 140 km/h (87 mph)

Eurasian hobby     160 km/h (100 mph)
Frigatebird             153 km/h (95 mph)

Anna's hummingbird  98 km/h (61 mph)

pigeon  59 km/h (36.50 mph)

Reptile species running speeds notes

Reptiles
The species highest recorded speed is noted.

Bearded dragon             40 km/h    (25 mph)
Leatherback sea turtle   35.50 km/h (22 mph)
Six-lined racerunner     32 km/h    (20 mph)
Black mamba                23 km/h    (14 mph)
Komodo dragon           20 km/h    (12 mph)

Mammal species running speeds notes

Mammals
The species highest recorded speed is noted.

Cheetah      112–120 km/h (70–75 mph)
Pronghorn  88.50 km/h   (55 mph)
Springbok  88 km/h      (55 mph)   
Wildebeest 80.50 km/h   (50 mph)
Blackbuck  80.50 km/h   (50 mph)
Lion           80.50 km/h   (50 mph)
   
Quarter horse     76.50 kp/h (47.50 mph)

Greyhound            74 km/h (46 mph)
Jackrabbit             72 km/h (45 mph)
Cape hunting dog 72 km/h (45 mph)

Elk           72 km/h (45 mph)
Kangaroo 71 km/h  (44 mph)

Horse    70.50 km/h (44 mph)
Onager  70 km/h    (43 mph)
Coyote  70 km/h    (43 mph)
Ostrich 70 km/h    (43 mph)

Thomson's gazelle 70 km/h    (43 mph)
Gray fox                67.50 km/h (42 mph)

Tiger 64 km/h (40 mph)
Zebra 64 km/h (40 mph)

Whippet                56 km/h (35 mph)
Mule deer              56 km/h (35 mph)
Rabbit (domestic)  56 km/h (35 mph)
Jackal                     56 km/h (35 mph)

Giraffe                 51.50 km/h (32 mph)
Reindeer             51.50 km/h (32 mph)
Grizzly bear        48 km/h    (30 mph)
Cat (domestic)     48 km/h    (30 mph)
Wart hog              48 km/h    (30 mph)

White-tailed deer 48 km/h (30 mph)
Elephant               40 km/h (25 mph)

Squirrel                19 km/h    (12 mph)
Pig (domestic)     17.50 km/h (11 mph)
House mouse       13 km/h    (8  mph)

Electric eel notes

Electric eel

Electrophorus electricus
The electric eel is an electric fish, and the only species in its genus

It lives in fresh water

It is not an eel, but rather a knifefish

They normally grow to about 2 m in length, and 20 kg in weight
 They are the largest species of the Gymnotiformes

The electric eel is capable of generating powerful electric shocks of up to 860 volts
 Three abdominal pairs of organs that produce electricity: the main organ, the Hunter's organ, and the Sach's organ
  These organs are made of electrocytes
 The electric eel the ability to generate two types of electric organ discharges:
  Low voltage and high voltage
  This generation of low and high voltage is used for hunting, self-defense and communicating with fellow eels

The electric eel has a well developed sense of hearing

It has a vascularized respiratory organ in its oral cavity
 Electric eels must rise to the surface every 10 minutes or so to inhale
 before returning to the bottom again
  Nearly 80% of the oxygen used by the fish is retrieved in this way


Extra:
A male electric eel makes a nest from his saliva into which the female lays her eggs

Monkey notes

Monkey

Monkeys are haplorhine (dry-nosed) primates

Consisting of approximately 260 known living species

Monkeys range in size:
A big monkey species : the male mandrill, almost 1 metre long and weighing up to 36 kilograms
A smal monkey species: the pygmy marmoset which can be as small as 117 millimetres with a 172-millimetre tail and just over 100 grams in weight

Many monkey species are arboreal (tree-dwelling)
although there are species that live primarily on the ground, such as baboons

Diets differ among the different monkey species but can contain the following:
fruit, leaves, seeds, nuts, flowers, eggs and small animals(including insects)

Bear notes

Bear

Bears are mammals of the family Ursidae.
 Bears are classified as caniforms, or doglike carnivorans.

They are sexually dimorphic with regard to size, with the males being larger.

Bear weights:
Heaviest: Polar bears and Kodiak bears have been weighed at over 750 kg
                 Adult male Kodiak bears average 480 to 533 kg
                 Adult male polar bears average 386 to 408 kg
Medium  : Males averaging around 100 to 120 kg
                  and females averaging around 60 to 85 kg
Lightest: The sun bears of Asia which weigh an average of 65 kg for the males
                 and 45 kg for the females

Bear lengths:
Head-and-body length: 300 cm in large polar and brown bears.
                                      120 cm in sun bears.

The tails of bears are often considered a vestigial feature and can range from 3 to 22 cm.

Bears have two layers of fur.
A short layer of fur keeps the bear warm.
And a long layer keeps water away from the skin and short fur.


The polar bear is a true carnivore.
All the other bear species are omnivores.

Bears produce a variety of vocalizations such as:
humming, Barking, Huffing, Moaning, Growling and roaring.

They possess an excellent sense of smell.

They are adept runners, climbers, and swimmers.
 Bears can exceed running(sprint) speeds of up to 48 kilometres an hour

Bears use shelters, such as caves and burrows.

They go in to winter sleep.

Komodo dragon notes

Komodo dragon
Varanus komodoensis

The komodo dragon is the largest living species of lizards
 reaching three meters in length and weighing up to approximately 136 kilograms
  The largest verified wild komodo dragon was 3.13 m long

They are capable of running rapidly in brief sprints of up to 20 km/h
And can dive up to 4.5 m deep

Its large, curved claws are used in fighting and eating

It has been claimed that they have a venomous bite
 there are two glands in the lower jaw which secrete several toxic proteins


They dominate the ecosystems in which they live
Komodo dragons hunt and ambush prey
 They eat invertebrates, other reptiles, birds and mammals

The komodo dragons group behaviour in hunting is exceptional in the reptile world