Magnesium has atomic number 12 and the symbol Mg.
A magnesium atom consists out of 12 electrons, 12 protons and 12 neutrons.
Magnesium is a shiny silver-gray solid lightweight alkaline earth metal.
Magnesium's melting point is 650 degrees celcius.
And magnesium's boiling point is 1091 degrees celcius.
Magnesium is protected by a thin layer of oxide that is fairly
impermeable and hard to remove.
Magnesium has three stable isotopes: 24Mg, 25Mg and 26Mg.
And The isotope 28Mg is radioactive.
The metal can be produced artificially, and is highly reactive.
Magnesium is essential to all cells and some 300 enzymes.
Magnesium ions interact with polyphosphate compounds such as DNA.
And hundreds of enzymes require magnesium ions to function.
Magnesium compounds:
Magnesium forms a variety of compounds important to industry and biology,
For example: Magnesium carbonate, magnesium chloride, magnesium citrate,
magnesiumhydroxide (milk of magnesia),
magnesium oxide, magnesium sulfate, and magnesium
sulfate heptahydrate (Epsom salts).
Compound uses:
Magnesium compounds are used medicinally
Magnesium carbonate, chalk is used as a drying agent for sports where grip is required
Extra: Roasting either magnesium carbonate or magnesium hydroxide produces the oxygen
compound magnesium
oxide,which is used in the
manufacture of cements, high temperature
refractory bricks, electrical and
thermal insulators, fertilizer, rubber, and plastics.
Uses of magnesium:
To make aluminium-magnesium alloys
Die-casting (alloyed with zinc)
Production of titanium in the Kroll process
Magnesium is used in super-strong, lightweight materials and alloys
Because of low weight and good mechanical and electrical properties it is widely used in electronics
As an additive agent in conventional propellants
As a reducing agent to separate uranium and other metals from their salts.
Magnesium batteries
Safety:
Magnesium metal and its alloys can be explosive hazards.
They are highly flammable in their pure form when molten or in powder or ribbon form
And it reacts violently with water.
When working with powdered magnesium,
safety glasses with eye protection and UV filters
are employed because burning magnesium produces ultraviolet light.
dinsdag 28 november 2017
donderdag 23 november 2017
Sodium notes
Sodium has atomic number 11 and the symbol Na.
A sodium atom consists out of 11 electrons, 11 protons and 12 neutrons.
Sodium is a soft, silver-white, highly reactive metal.
And sodium is an alkali metal.
Natrium's melting point is 97.794 degree celcius.
And natrium's boiling point is 882.940 degrees celcius.
Natrium has a single electron in its outer shell
that it readily donates which creates a positively charged ion the Na+ cation.
Twenty isotopes of sodium are known, but only 23Na is stable
The free metal does not occur in nature, but must be prepared from compounds.
Sodium at standard temperatures and pressures
is a metal that combines with oxygen in air and forms
grayish white sodium oxide unless immersed in oil or inert gas.
Sodium is a good conductor of electricity and heat.
Sodium ions are the major cation in the extracellular fluid.
In a flame, sodium and its compounds glow yellow.
Sodium compound uses 1:
Table salt (NaCl)
Baking soda (NaHCO3)
Sodium compound uses 2:
Soda ash (Na2CO3)
Sodium compound uses 3:
Sodium nitrate (NaNO3)
Sodium compound uses 4:
Caustic soda (NaOH)
Sodium compound uses 5:
For producing glass
For producing paper
For producing soap
And for producing textiles
Sodium uses 1:
For making sodium vapor lamps
Sodium uses 2:
Liquid sodium is used as a heat transfer fluid in some types of
nuclear reactors. Because it has high thermal conductivity and
low neutron absorption cross section required to achieve a
high neutron flux in the reactor.
Safety:
Sodium forms flammable hydrogen and caustic sodium hydroxide on contact with water.
And it can cause severe burns.
Special fire extinguishers are needed to put out sodium fires.
A sodium atom consists out of 11 electrons, 11 protons and 12 neutrons.
Sodium is a soft, silver-white, highly reactive metal.
And sodium is an alkali metal.
Natrium's melting point is 97.794 degree celcius.
And natrium's boiling point is 882.940 degrees celcius.
Natrium has a single electron in its outer shell
that it readily donates which creates a positively charged ion the Na+ cation.
Twenty isotopes of sodium are known, but only 23Na is stable
The free metal does not occur in nature, but must be prepared from compounds.
Sodium at standard temperatures and pressures
is a metal that combines with oxygen in air and forms
grayish white sodium oxide unless immersed in oil or inert gas.
Sodium is a good conductor of electricity and heat.
Sodium ions are the major cation in the extracellular fluid.
In a flame, sodium and its compounds glow yellow.
Sodium compound uses 1:
Table salt (NaCl)
Baking soda (NaHCO3)
Sodium compound uses 2:
Soda ash (Na2CO3)
Sodium compound uses 3:
Sodium nitrate (NaNO3)
Sodium compound uses 4:
Caustic soda (NaOH)
Sodium compound uses 5:
For producing glass
For producing paper
For producing soap
And for producing textiles
Sodium uses 1:
For making sodium vapor lamps
Sodium uses 2:
Liquid sodium is used as a heat transfer fluid in some types of
nuclear reactors. Because it has high thermal conductivity and
low neutron absorption cross section required to achieve a
high neutron flux in the reactor.
Safety:
Sodium forms flammable hydrogen and caustic sodium hydroxide on contact with water.
And it can cause severe burns.
Special fire extinguishers are needed to put out sodium fires.
dinsdag 21 november 2017
Neon notes
Neon has atomic number 10 and the symbol Ne.
A neon atom exists out of 10 electrons, 10 protons and 10 neutrons.
And neon is a noble gas.
Neon is the second lightest inert gas.
Neon is a colourless, odorless, inert monatomic gas under standard conditions.
The compounds of neon include ionic molecules.
Molecules held together by van der Waals forces and clathrates.
Neon has three stable isotopes.
20Ne, 21Ne and 22Ne.
21Ne and 22Ne are partly primordial and partly nucleogenic.
Neon is extracted by the fractional distillation of liquid air.
Uses:
Neon is used in some plasma tubes.
Neon is used in vacuum discharge tubes and it glows reddish-orange.
Neon is used in refrigerant applications.
Neon-helium lasers.
A neon atom exists out of 10 electrons, 10 protons and 10 neutrons.
And neon is a noble gas.
Neon is the second lightest inert gas.
Neon is a colourless, odorless, inert monatomic gas under standard conditions.
The compounds of neon include ionic molecules.
Molecules held together by van der Waals forces and clathrates.
Neon has three stable isotopes.
20Ne, 21Ne and 22Ne.
21Ne and 22Ne are partly primordial and partly nucleogenic.
Neon is extracted by the fractional distillation of liquid air.
Uses:
Neon is used in some plasma tubes.
Neon is used in vacuum discharge tubes and it glows reddish-orange.
Neon is used in refrigerant applications.
Neon-helium lasers.
maandag 20 november 2017
Fluorine notes
Fluorine has atomic number 9 and the symbol F.
A fluorine atom exists of 9 electrons, 9 protons and 10 neutrons.
Fluorine the lightest halogen and exists as a highly toxic pale yellow
diatomic gas at standard temperatures and pressures.
Fluorine condenses into a bright yellow liquid at −188 degrees celcius
Fluorine has two solid forms, α- and β-fluorine.
Fluorine is the most electronegative element.
Fluorine has a high magnetogyric ratio.
and exceptional sensitivity to magnetic fields.
Fluorine is extremely reactive.
Almost all other elements, including some noble gases, form compounds with fluorine.
Moissan's method is used to produce industrial amounts of fluorine.
Uses:
Fluoride in dental care.
Fluorosurfactant treated fabrics are often hydrophobic.
Compounds of fluorine are widely used in steel-making and aluminium-refining.
And it's used in the chemical industry.
Dangers:
Elemental fluorine is highly toxic to living organisms
A fluorine atom exists of 9 electrons, 9 protons and 10 neutrons.
Fluorine the lightest halogen and exists as a highly toxic pale yellow
diatomic gas at standard temperatures and pressures.
Fluorine condenses into a bright yellow liquid at −188 degrees celcius
Fluorine has two solid forms, α- and β-fluorine.
Fluorine is the most electronegative element.
Fluorine has a high magnetogyric ratio.
and exceptional sensitivity to magnetic fields.
Fluorine is extremely reactive.
Almost all other elements, including some noble gases, form compounds with fluorine.
Moissan's method is used to produce industrial amounts of fluorine.
Uses:
Fluoride in dental care.
Fluorosurfactant treated fabrics are often hydrophobic.
Compounds of fluorine are widely used in steel-making and aluminium-refining.
And it's used in the chemical industry.
Dangers:
Elemental fluorine is highly toxic to living organisms
donderdag 16 november 2017
Biofuel notes
Biofuel is fuel which is produced through contemporary biological processes
Biofuels can be derived directly from plants,
or indirectly from agriculture or domestics.
new kinds of biofuels generally involve contemporary carbon fixation,
such as those that occur in plants or microalgae
through the process of photosynthesis.
And other new kinds of biofuels are made by conversion of biomass
such as plants or plant derived material.
Biomass can be converted to convenient energy containing substances
in three different ways:
-thermal conversion,
-chemical conversion,
-and biochemical conversion.
And these biomass conversion can result in fuel which is a solid,
a liquid, or a gas.
Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation, mainly of carbohydrates.
And is produced by the action of microorganisms and enzymes
through the fermentation of sugars or starches.
Bioethanol can be used as fuel for vehicles in its pure form,
but it is usually used as a gasoline additive to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions.
Biodiesel Biodiesel is typically made by chemically reacting lipids
such as vegetable oil and soybean oil.
Biobutanol also called biogasoline can be used directly in gasoline engines.
Biogas is methane produced by the process of anaerobic digestion of organic material by anaerobes.
First generation biofuels
-Are biofuels made from food crops grown on arable land.
Second generation biofuels
-Are biofuels manufactured from various types of biomass.
Third generation biofuels
-These biofuels are made through the use of algea.
Extra: From algae that have a natural oil content greater than 50 percent.
Fourth generation biofuels
-These biofuels include electrofuels and photobiological solar fuels.
Extra: Some of these fuels are carbon neutral.
Biofuels can be derived directly from plants,
or indirectly from agriculture or domestics.
new kinds of biofuels generally involve contemporary carbon fixation,
such as those that occur in plants or microalgae
through the process of photosynthesis.
And other new kinds of biofuels are made by conversion of biomass
such as plants or plant derived material.
Biomass can be converted to convenient energy containing substances
in three different ways:
-thermal conversion,
-chemical conversion,
-and biochemical conversion.
And these biomass conversion can result in fuel which is a solid,
a liquid, or a gas.
Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation, mainly of carbohydrates.
And is produced by the action of microorganisms and enzymes
through the fermentation of sugars or starches.
Bioethanol can be used as fuel for vehicles in its pure form,
but it is usually used as a gasoline additive to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions.
Biodiesel Biodiesel is typically made by chemically reacting lipids
such as vegetable oil and soybean oil.
Biobutanol also called biogasoline can be used directly in gasoline engines.
Biogas is methane produced by the process of anaerobic digestion of organic material by anaerobes.
First generation biofuels
-Are biofuels made from food crops grown on arable land.
Second generation biofuels
-Are biofuels manufactured from various types of biomass.
Third generation biofuels
-These biofuels are made through the use of algea.
Extra: From algae that have a natural oil content greater than 50 percent.
Fourth generation biofuels
-These biofuels include electrofuels and photobiological solar fuels.
Extra: Some of these fuels are carbon neutral.
dinsdag 14 november 2017
Oxygen notes
Oxygen has atomic number 8 and the symbol O
An oxygen atom has 8 electrons, 8 protons and 8 neutrons
Oxygen is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table,
a highly reactive nonmetal, and an oxidizing agent.
Oxygen's melting point is -218.79 degrees celcius
And oxygen's boiling point is - 297.332 degrees celcius.
At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of oxygen bind to
form dioxygen, a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula O2.
Dioxygen (O2) is used in cellular respiration
and many major classes of organic molecules in living organisms contain oxygen,
like proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and fats,
And the major constituent inorganic compounds of animals.
Oxygen is continuously replenished by photosynthesis here on earth,
in which for example trees, grass and algea use the energy of sunlight
to produce oxygen as a byproduct carbon dioxide and water.
Another allotrope (form) of oxygen is ozone (O3).
It strongly absorbs ultraviolet radiation. And the high altitude ozone layer
protects life here on earth for example.
Uses:
Residential heating.
Life support systems which have normal air oxygen in it.
Internal combustion engines.
Production of steel.
Production of plastics and textiles.
Brazing.
Welding and cutting of steels and other metal.
And as a rocket propellant.
An oxygen atom has 8 electrons, 8 protons and 8 neutrons
Oxygen is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table,
a highly reactive nonmetal, and an oxidizing agent.
Oxygen's melting point is -218.79 degrees celcius
And oxygen's boiling point is - 297.332 degrees celcius.
At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of oxygen bind to
form dioxygen, a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula O2.
Dioxygen (O2) is used in cellular respiration
and many major classes of organic molecules in living organisms contain oxygen,
like proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and fats,
And the major constituent inorganic compounds of animals.
Oxygen is continuously replenished by photosynthesis here on earth,
in which for example trees, grass and algea use the energy of sunlight
to produce oxygen as a byproduct carbon dioxide and water.
Another allotrope (form) of oxygen is ozone (O3).
It strongly absorbs ultraviolet radiation. And the high altitude ozone layer
protects life here on earth for example.
Uses:
Residential heating.
Life support systems which have normal air oxygen in it.
Internal combustion engines.
Production of steel.
Production of plastics and textiles.
Brazing.
Welding and cutting of steels and other metal.
And as a rocket propellant.
maandag 13 november 2017
Short: What are isotopes
Isotopes are variants of certain chemical elements which differ in neutron numbers.
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